What Is Esophageal Cancer?

University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center Defines Main Types of Esophageal Cancer

Esophageal cancer is a condition in which cancerous (malignant) cells develop in the esophagus, a muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This type of cancer begins in the inner lining of the esophageal wall, which consists of mucous membranes, muscle and connective tissue. Eventually, the cancer may metastasize (spread) to other tissues and organs throughout the body.

How Cancer Develops

The exact cause of esophageal cancer is unknown. However, the general cause of cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. In a normal, healthy person, cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body requires them. As these normal cells grow old or become damaged and die, new cells take their place. Conversely, in a person with cancer, new cells form even though the body does not need them and old or damaged cells do not die as they normally would. Instead, these extra cells create a mass of tissue called a tumor. In patients with esophageal cancer, this tumor is malignant.

Types of Esophageal Cancer

Based on how they appear under a microscope, the two main types of esophageal cancer are adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Generally located in the lower part of the esophagus, adenocarcinoma is the most common type of esophageal cancer in the United States. Squamous cell carcinoma usually develops in the upper or middle part of the esophagus and is more common in individuals located in other parts of the world.